- Introduction
A First Person Shooter (FPS) is a game where the player moves through a real-time virtual
environment, while looking at this environment from a first person perspective. The player looks
through the eyes of the avatar controlled by the player. All the player can see of the avatar, are
his hands and\/or the weapon which he holds. In a first person shooter the most important tasks
are staying alive and eliminating virtual opponents with a variety of weapons. First person
shooters are highly interactive and typically fast-paced, emphasizing speed and accuracy. A good
first person shooter is designed to immerse the player in the action.
Multiplayer gaming is about shared reality. Multiple players share experiences in a virtual
environment, and although looking from different viewpoints, everyone sees the same changes
and events take place within this virtual environment. Each player has his or her own computer
and these computers are hooked up to each other through a local network or the Internet. The
network is used to share information such that all players experience the same virtual
environment.
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To immerse a player into a highly interactive multiplayer game environment with fast-paced
action, the game must deliver a consistent and responsive experience. It is very important that the
players receive direct and immediate feedback to their actions. It is also important that all the
players see events take place in the same way other players witness those events. However,
network environments introduce constraints that make it difficult to realize a consistent and
responsive game environment. First of all there is always a limited amount of bandwidth
available and only so much information can be sent over the network. Furthermore, information
sent over a network does not immediately arrive at the receiver. It takes time between one
computer sending information and another computer receiving the information. This is also
known as latency and in multiplayer games often referred to as lag [10]. Although the available
bandwidth of Internet connections has significantly improved over the years, latencies have not
improved as much. Even when fast glass fiber connections are used, a relatively large latency
cannot be avoided if people located in different parts of the world want to play with each other.
In multiplayer games there will always be individuals that feel the need to overcome lack of skill
with ingenuity, by exploiting bugs or holes in a network architecture, or by implementing various
cheats. When designing a network architecture it is important to consider the cheats to which the
system may be vulnerable. Another important issue is security [27, 28, 29]. Individuals may try
to take down servers or otherwise disrupt games. Perhaps even worse, individuals may try to use
the game as a tool to attack computers on a network or the Internet. A robust network
architecture can withstand attacks and abuse. Last but not least portability may play a role in the
design of a network architecture. Some network models are better suited for cross platform
multiplayer gaming than others.
The game state in a first person shooter is typically modeled as a list of game objects or entities.
Players, enemies, projectiles, doors etc. are all entities in the game. Instead of treating all of these
differently, as special purpose elements, it is convenient to bind them together into a system that
provides a common structure and common methods of communication. Class hierarchies and
functional components are typically used to model the different entities [5]. Networking in first
person shooters is all about synchronizing the state of multiple copies of the same game entities
such that all players experience the same changes and events in the virtual environment. Some
network models require all players to manage and maintain their own copy of all game entities
where the same rules and methods are used to advance the state of these objects synchronously.
Other network models continuously communicate changes to the state of entities over the
network.
1.1 Previous Work
Peer-to-Peer
The networking engine in the original DOOM (1994) is a peer-to-peer system. Each player in the
game is an independent “peer” running its own copy of the game. This peer-to-peer system can
also be considered a synchronous networking system. All players run their own copy of the game
synchronously. Periodically (every 1\/35th of a second), the input from a player (from keyboard,
mouse, etc.) is sampled and placed into a tick command. This is a simple structure which stores
how the player wishes to move: there are fields for forward\/backward movement, sideways
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movement (strafing), turning, and actions such as “use” and “fire”. The tick command is
transmitted to all other players in the game. The networking engine periodically checks for
newly received packets. Tick commands from other players are stored in a buffer. When tick
commands from all players have been received, the game advances. The game advances
independently from generating tick commands such that a player may generate commands to be
used several ticks into the future, even though the game has not yet advanced to that point. As a
result the game itself will not slow down, but there may be a delay between pressing a key, and
the desired action occurring. The delay depends on the latency between players and the
playability of the game is dependent on the player with the slowest connection.
Fig. 1. Peer-to-Peer network with four players.
The advantage of synchronous networking is the simplicity of the system. The system is easy to
implement and only simple small messages are sent around to other players. However, there are
also several disadvantages.
All players have to maintain a perfectly synchronized copy of the game. If inconsistencies occur
between the copies of the game the players will start to play their own “version” of the game
which is no longer the same as the “version” of other players. In a complex game engine there
are many places where inconsistencies can be introduced. Even a single bit difference in a
floating-point number can escalate into huge changes in the game environment. To avoid
inconsistencies the game state must be maintained without relying on any frame rate or computer
hardware dependent input. For instance, the game state may be modified by introducing objects
that move and shake based on the volume of sounds in the environment. Inconsistencies can
easily be introduced if the sound volume in any way depends on a specific sound card or a
different sampling rate based on the speed of the computer. Reading back data from the graphics
card, for instance for hit detection, may also introduce inconsistencies because different players
may use different graphics cards that produce different results. Inconsistencies can also be
introduced by different drivers being used on various computers. A driver may for instance
change the floating-point rounding mode of the floating-point unit (FPU) during game play
which causes different results to be calculated on computers with different drivers. Uninitialized
variables in the game code can also introduce inconsistencies. Such uninitialized variables
should really be considered code bugs but during development they may occur frequently and as
a result the networking may break as frequently.
In a complex game engine the cause for a specific inconsistency is typically hard to find because
the time between the introduction of the inconsistency and the results being noticeable during
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game play may be relatively long. If a single bit ends up being different between two copies of
the game it may take some time before this difference escalates into a noticeable but significant
difference to the players.
A synchronous network system is also not cross platform compatible. Players on different
platforms will not be able to play with each other. On different hardware different assembler
instructions may be used that produce (slightly) different results. Any such differences may
introduce inconsistencies. Even if the underlying hardware is the same, for instance when using a
combination of Microsoft Windows and Linux systems on x86 based hardware, inconsistencies
may be introduced. Different compilers are typically used on different platforms and floatingpoint assembler instructions may be rearranged differently during optimization. Different
floating-point instruction sequences usually produce results with different rounding, and such
differences can also easily introduce inconsistencies.
Another problem with a synchronous network system is that the responsiveness and playability
degrade quickly as the network latency of players increases. There is a full ping time (roundtrip
latency) between sampling the player input and processing the input in the game. As a result the
player only sees a change on screen a full ping time after issuing a command or pressing a key.
On a Local Area Network (LAN) this is not a problem because ping times are usually below 10
milliseconds. However, on the Internet ping times can easily go up to 100 milliseconds or more.
The responsiveness of the game is not good when there is 1\/10th of a second between sampling
input and visualizing a response on screen. On the Internet the ping times may also fluctuate or
there may be congestion and sudden stalls that further degrade the playability because the game
will stall as well.
In a game like DOOM III the game is updated at a fixed 60 Hz tick. Each player samples input at
this rate and in a peer-to-peer system tick commands would be sent to all other players. Even
though the tick commands result in rather small network messages, in a game with just four
players the amount of traffic being generated already exceeds the bandwidth available on a 56k6
modem. Furthermore, the bandwidth requirements increase exponentially with the number of
players in the game.
In a synchronous network system each player maintains a copy of the game and only tick
commands are sent over the network. Therefore all players have to start the game together at the
same time to be able to maintain a consistent copy of the game. New players cannot come and go
as they please. This forces the development of additional functionality for match making or a
lobby system [4], because players cannot simply search for an existing game and join at will.
Last but not least a synchronous network system creates opportunities for various cheats. A
player cannot modify the game state directly because that would introduce inconsistencies.
However, each player maintains a complete copy of the game and can use all kinds of
visualization cheats to look at things the player is not supposed to see.
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Packet Server
The peer-to-peer network model can be extended with a packet server. This model is basically
the same as peer-to-peer model but with elements of a client-server architecture. Like the peerto-peer model each player individually keeps track of the game state. However, each player no
longer has a connection to all other players like in the original DOOM. In this model there is a
‘packet server’ running on the computer of one of the players. Everyone has one connection to
this packet server. Tick commands are first sent to this server and the server relays all tick
commands to other players. If one of the players has a high latency connection, only that player
will experience a less responsive game, and the packet server will continue to send (possible
duplicated) tick commands for that player to the other players. Using this model the players no
longer need a low latency connection to all other players. The down-side of using a ‘packet
server’ is that the game cannot continue if the player that runs the ‘packet server’ leaves the game.
This network model does, however, solves some of the problems of the peer-to-peer network
model but many of the other problems, as described above, remain.
Client-Server
The games Quake (1996), Quake II (1997) and Quake III Arena (1999) implement a so called
client-server network architecture. In this model one computer is a “server” and is responsible for
making all game play decisions. The other computers are “clients” and they are similar to dumb
rendering terminals. A client sends input such as keystrokes and view angles to the server, and
the client receives a list with entities to render. This network model does not suffer from desynchronized network games, that could occur from clients disagreeing with each other, because
the server is always the final authority. Players are also able to join and leave a game at any time
because the players do not need to maintain the full game state. The server sends the list with
entities to render as a sequence of game state updates also known as snapshots. Uncompressed,
these updates can be quite large and require a lot of bandwidth. To reduce the bandwidth
requirements the snapshots are delta compressed from the last acknowledged snapshot the client
received. Furthermore, the updates are sent infrequently, typically at a rate between 10 and 20
Hz. However, for full interaction a higher frame rate is required at the client. To present a
smoothly changing, interactive environment, the client interpolates between, or extrapolates from
the last two snapshots.
Without special measures this network model would face the same problem as the peer-to-peer
model described above when it comes down to the responsiveness and playability degrading as
the network latency of players increases. The client sends input to the server where this input is
processed, and the client only receives a response with the next snapshot from the server. In
other words, using this network model there would also be at least a full ping time between
sampling the input and seeing the results on screen at the client. To overcome this problem,
client side prediction of the player movement is used. The input is not only sent to the server, but
is also processed immediately at the client to move the view point and as such improve the
perceived responsiveness. However, the rest of the environment visualized at the client is still the
results of an interpolation between, or extrapolation from the last two snapshots. In other words,
the player moves in the (predicted) present and what the player sees on screen is from the past.
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Fig. 2. Client-Server network with four players.
The client-server network model can also be considered an asynchronous network architecture.
The upstream and downstream communication at the client and server is different. Furthermore,
the player movement at the client is simulated in the present, while the game state maintained at
the server is in the past, and the state of the environment visualized at the client is from even
further back in the past. The network model used in the Quake series of games is very effective
and has been used in many games since. This network architecture is much better suited for
playing fast-paced first person shooters over the Internet than the peer-to-peer network model.
There are, however, still several problems.
While the client-server network model allows players to join a game in progress, the game
cannot automatically continue if the server runs on the computer of one of the payers and that
player decides to leave the game. One solution is to use dedicated servers that never shut down
(except for computer failures). However, if dedicated servers are not available it may be
necessary to implement server migration to allow the game to continue even if the player that
runs the server decides to leave the game.
With the client side prediction the player moves in the present while what the player sees on
screen is from the past. As a result the player may be shooting at an opponent which is visualized
at a position where the opponent was some time ago. However, the hit detection is performed at
the server in the future. In other words the player has to predict where any targets will be some
time in the future and has to lead such targets in order to hit them in the future. Even if a player
has to predict only a 100 milliseconds ahead this can be tricky and requires some practice.
Some games, like Half-Life, try to alleviate this problem by implementing so called “lag
compensation” [11]. The idea is to let a player shoot at opponents that are visualized at positions
from the past and when the server does the hit detection it will go back in time to verify whether
or not a target was hit in the past. For this purpose the server has to keep track of a history of past
positions of all possible opponents. This technique does not only add considerable complexity, it
also has several unwanted side effects. A player with a fast (low latency) connection will
frequently experience inconsistencies. For example, the player may get shot after the player has
moved safely around a corner. The worse the connection quality of the other players, the more
often this will happen. In other words a player is no longer in control of the quality of his own
game experience.
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Lag compensation is also inherently flawed because it can cause events to happen that do not
reflect the shared reality. For instance, take two players, one with a very low ping time and one
with a high ping time. The players are circling around a tree, such that the tree always blocks the
line of fire from the perspective of the player with the low ping. The player with a high ping
moves in the present while looking at an opponent at a position from relatively far back in the
past. From the perspective of this player the tree does not block the line of fire. With lag
compensation the player with the high ping can now shoot and hit the player with the low ping
because the server does hit detection with opponents positioned in the past while keeping the
position of the player in the present. Obviously in this example the player with the low ping can
be shot which from the perspective of that player should not be possible. In this particular
example the problem can be alleviated by not only performing hit detection at the server using
the position of an opponent in the past, but also checking for a clear line of sight with the
opponent in the present. A hit is then only recorded when the opponent is hit in the past, and
there is also a clear line of sight in the present. Although the additional line of sight test may
make it less likely for players to notice inconsistencies in some situations, it by no means solves
the problem in that inconsistencies may still occur in other situations.
Even if lag compensation is considered better than the alternative, it only addresses part of the
problem. It is not practical for the server to roll back everything in time. So even if the positions
of opponents are rolled back in time for hit detection, all other interaction at the client is between
a player that moves in the present and an environment that is from the past, while the server
verifies all other interaction in the future.
In Quake III Arena the game code (which runs at the server) and the visualization and prediction
code (which runs at the client) are separate modules. These modules are often referred to as the
“game code” and “client game code”. Although these modules are separate, each must be fully
aware of the implementation of the other in order to keep the representation of the game
reasonably synchronized. Such a strong coupling between separate modules is undesirable
because it makes extending the game difficult. This separation, yet strong coupling also makes it
harder for developers that want to use the Quake III Arena engine to implement a single player
experience. Several times developers have released two executables. One executable for
multiplayer which is based on the original Quake III Arena source code with the separation
between the modules. Another executable provides the single player experience and bypasses the
separation which makes it easier to directly visualize things from the game code.
To present a smoothly changing environment the Quake III Arena client interpolates between, or
extrapolates from the last two snapshots. Such extrapolation can produce unrealistic results
unless the physics and game rules are taken into account. For instance, extrapolation of
trajectories without collision detection can cause objects to move into or through other objects or
walls. Proper extrapolation introduces additional complexity and more code at the client that
needs to be in sync with the code that runs at the server.
In a complex game engine interpolation can be difficult because the state of an entity can be
complex and proper interpolation is often expensive or ill-defined. For instance, a skeletal
animation system may be used for animating characters, and arbitrary bone modifications may be
applied to achieve specific effects. First of all the complete skeleton would need to be sent over
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the network for proper interpolation. Furthermore expensive spherical linear interpolation
between quaternions would be required to interpolate between the skeletons from the last two
snapshots.
In Quake III Arena a snapshot for a client only contains the state of those entities that are in the
Potentially Visible Set (PVS) [34] of the client. Furthermore, the entity states in a snapshot can
only be delta compressed relative to the entity states from a previous snapshot. As a result the
state of entities that continuously leave and enter the PVS cannot be delta compressed. Whenever
an entity enters the PVS, it’s state has to be sent in full with the next snapshot. In an environment
with a lot of entities that need to be synchronized over the network this can cause a lot of
bandwidth to be consumed.
Most network traffic in Quake III Arena is generated by sending unreliable messages. There is
typically no point in resending the same snapshots if they are dropped because the information
they contain becomes out of date very quickly. However, reliable messages can also be used in
Quake III Arena for specific, usually infrequent, updates. The only way to send reliable
messages in Quake III Arena is through the use of server commands. These server commands are
string based and inefficient. However, it can be very convenient to synchronize a small part of
the game state through reliable messages. Using string based server commands like in Quake III
Arena introduces considerable overhead.
To write entity states to snapshots, Quake III Arena uses a fixed entity state structure with fixed
data fields. The advantage is that all entities have the same structure and a single optimized
routine can be used for the delta compression. On the other hand different types of entities may
maintain rather different state variables and developers often ended up re-using entity state
structure fields for different purposes on different entities. In a game with many different entities
that maintain completely different state variables it quickly becomes impractical to use a fixed
entity state structure for all entities.
The DOOM III network architecture presented here is similar to the network model of Quake III
Arena but tries to address several of its problems.
1.2 Layout
Section 2 provides an overview of the DOOM III network architecture. Section 3 describes the
data communicated between the client and server. Section 4 describes all forms of compression
that are used to significantly reduce the amount of data that needs to be communicated over the
network. Section 5 shows some of the implementation details. The results are presented in
section 6 and several conclusions are drawn in section 7. Suggestions for future work are
presented in section 8.
9<\/li> - Network Architecture
Just like Quake III Arena, the network architecture presented here is based on the client-server
model. The server writes snapshots of the game state and sends these to a client. A snapshot for a
client contains the compressed state of all entities that are currently in the Potentially Visible Set
(PVS) [34] of the client. Each client samples input (from keyboard, mouse etc.) and sends the
player’s intentions to the server. Figure 3 shows an overview of the client-server architecture.
Fig. 3. Overview of client-server architecture.
Except for player input everything in a first person shooter is deterministic. Even random
number generators are pseudo random and always produce the same sequence of “random”
numbers based on an initial value. Furthermore the DOOM III game state is always updated at a
fixed 60 frames per second independent from the speed of the computer. As such the engine
always produces the same results based on the same player input. It makes sense to use this
determinism to replicate information at the client. To present a smoothly changing environment
the Quake III Arena client interpolates between, or extrapolates from the last two snapshots, and
client side prediction of the player movement is used to improve the perceived responsiveness.
The system presented here uses prediction on all entities in the PVS of the client to both improve
the responsiveness and to present a smoothly changing environment. This includes prediction of
the player movement because the avatar controlled by the player is also an entity in the PVS of
the client.
The server progresses the game without waiting for input from players. The server duplicates old
player input if no new input has arrived in time to process the next game frame. The client tries
to make sure the server always has new input to advance the game state at the server. As such the
time at the client is ahead of the server time. The client runs just far enough ahead such that input
from the player can be processed immediately at the client and can be sent over the network to
the server where it arrives before the server needs to process the input to advance the game.
Figure 4 shows a timeline with the server time, the client time, and the time of snapshots that
arrive at the client.
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Fig. 4. Client-server timeline.
Ping times may fluctuate on the Internet. For this reason a client does not just run far enough
ahead of the server such that input arrives in time at the server based on the current or average
latency. The client runs a little further ahead such that input arrives in time even if there is some
fluctuation in the latency of network messages sent to the server.
The client is able to run ahead of the server by using prediction to advance the state of entities.
The server sends snapshots to the client at a rate between 10 and 20 Hz. While no new snapshot
has arrived the client predicts the state of entities on a frame to frame basis. Upon receiving a
snapshot the client overwrites it’s entity states with the entity states from the snapshot. A
snapshot the client receives is from at least a full ping time in the past relative to the current time
at the client. As a result the client temporarily moves back in time when it processes the
snapshot. The client then has to quickly re-predict ahead from this state up to the current client
time, from where the client can continue the prediction on a frame to frame basis. Figure 5 shows
the prediction at the client.
Fig. 5. Prediction at the client with a snapshot rate at 20Hz and a ping of around 80 milliseconds.
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As stated above everything in a first person shooter is deterministic except for player input.
Fortunately the player movement as a result of the input is predictable to a degree. The game
advances at a fixed 60 frames per second and input is sampled at the same frequency. Players
typically do not tap keys 60 times per second and do not change their movement direction every
frame. As a result using the same input for several game frames is usually not too far off from
what really happened. Furthermore the server sends the most recent input from other players
with snapshots. This input from other players is used by a client to accurately predict other
players. The input is processed by a client in the same way the server does, and the same player
physics is used to move the predicted players through the virtual environment.
Unlike Quake III Arena there is no time difference between what the player sees on screen and
the player movement through the environment. Therefore the player does not need to lead targets
because the system does the prediction for the player. The server sends the most recent input
from other players with snapshots and the same game code (including physics) is used at both the
client and the server to move players through the environment. Therefore the system can
typically do better prediction of other players than the player is able to do by leading targets. The
Quake III Arena bots show that computer algorithms can be fairly good at predicting player
movement. Even when using weapons that fire slow moving projectiles the bots at a higher skill
level show exceptional accuracy when aiming. The bots in Quake III Arena use an
approximation of the player physics with collision detection to predict where players will be
some time in the future.
General prediction of all entities in the client PVS works well because the same game code and
algorithms (including physics) are used at both the server and the client to advance the state of
entities. This is also known as dead reckoning [9]. Unlike Quake III Arena, the game code,
which runs at the server, and the client visualization and prediction code are not in separate
modules. The same module is used both at the server to advance the state of entities, and is also
used at the client to visualize and predict the state of entities. The server runs the game code just
like in single player mode without modifications. The client runs the same game code to advance
the state of entities for prediction. Using a single module allows development of a single player
game or new features without being forced to make things work over a network.
12<\/li> - Client-Server Communication
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) [32] is used to send messages over a network or the Internet.
Because of the highly interactive and fast-paced nature of first person shooter games there is no
point in using a reliable protocol with guaranteed message delivery like the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) [33]. The server continuously sends the states of entities over the
network. Resending the same states when network messages are dropped is pointless because by
the time such messages do arrive (after resending them), the entity states they contain are already
out of date. With UDP, messages may arrive out-of-order with duplicates. Furthermore,
messages may not arrive at all but the content of messages that do arrive is never corrupted. To
deal with the characteristics of a network using UPD messages, the network architecture
presented here implements several layers on top of UDP as shown in figure 6.
Fig. 6. Network layers.
The message channel implements one connection, either from a client to the server or the other
way around, and provides functionality for sending both unreliable and reliable messages. These
messages are guaranteed to arrive in-order, without duplicates and their content is never
corrupted. However, the unreliable messages may be dropped while the reliable messages are
guaranteed to always arrive. Most data like snapshots and player input is sent over the network
with unreliable messages. Reliable messages are only used for certain acknowledgements and
small critical updates that need to be processed before any unreliable updates. The message
channel is designed to handle reliable messages that are very small compared to unreliable
messages. The presented network system produces a continuous stream of unreliable messages.
Snapshots are sent at 10 to 20 Hz from the server to the client, and player input is sent more
frequently from the client to the server. Because there is a continuous stream of unreliable traffic,
the reliable messages simply piggy back on unreliable messages. The message channel uses a
brute force approach to send reliable messages. Reliable messages are buffered and each reliable
message is sent with every unreliable message until the reliable message has been acknowledged
by the receiver. As such the message channel guarantees that a reliable message arrives before
the first next unreliable messages comes through.
This brute force approach to reliable messages works well. The client does not send reliable
messages frequently. When a reliable message is sent, the message is usually very small so the
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brute force approach is not an issue there. Furthermore, the client sends unreliable messages at a
rate 3 to 4 times faster than the server sends unreliable messages. As such, there is no need for a
time-out on a reliable message from the server because if a reliable is not acknowledged by any
of the next couple of client messages, the message can be considered dropped and should be
resent anyway.
The message channel is “rate controlled” and can notify higher layers when the network
connection becomes satisfied and additional traffic would exceed the available bandwidth. The
message channel also breaks up large messages into packets if they would otherwise cause
fragmentation. Furthermore, the message channel keeps track of an unique identification for the
computer at the other end of the connection. The Internet Protocol (IP) port number cannot be
used as an unique identification because some routers may periodically change the IP port [6].
The message channel uses compression to reduce the size of all messages. Furthermore, the bit
message layer implements two forms of compression that are required to significantly reduce the
amount of data that needs to be communicated over the network. Before going into the details of
compression, the next section describes the data being sent over the network.
3.1 Unreliable Message Headers
Snapshots and player input are sent over the network with unreliable messages. All unreliable
messages from the server to the client and vice versa have a header. Figure 7 shows the header
for unreliable messages from the server to the client. Figure 8 shows the header for unreliable
messages from the client to the server.
Fig. 7. Unreliable messages header from
server.
Fig. 8. Unreliable messages header from
client.
The server uses an unique identification number for every game being played which usually
happens on a per map basis. This identification number is used to make sure the clients use the
right settings, and have the right map loaded for the current game. The server sends this game
identification number with every unreliable message. The server also sends the type of the
unreliable message.
The client also sends a header with every unreliable message. This header stores the sequence
number of the last received server messages and the game identification number. The server uses
the game identification number sent by the client to check whether or not the client is in the right
game. If the client is not in the right game the server sends an unreliable message to the client
with instructions on which map to load and additional settings. Unreliable messages are not
acknowledged, but the client sends the sequence number of the last received server messages to
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allow the server to verify whether the client received the unreliable message with instructions to
load the right game. The client also sends an acknowledgement for the last received snapshot
with every unreliable message. This acknowledgement is used for the delta compression
described in section 4. Just like for unreliable messages from the server the client sends the type
of the unreliable messages.
3.2 Snapshots
The most important traffic from the server to the client is in the form of snapshots. Such
snapshots contain a collection of data but most importantly they communicate the states of
entities to a client. Figure 9 shows a snapshot and figure 10 shows how a snapshot goes through
the network layers.
Fig. 9. Snapshot Message. Fig. 10. Server to client snapshot pipeline.
Every snapshot message has a sequence number which allows the client to acknowledge the
snapshot for delta compression as described in section 4. Next the snapshot message stores the
game frame number and the game time when the snapshot was made. The snapshot also tells the
client how many user commands were duplicated since the last snapshot. If the client does not
predict far enough ahead and the client’s user commands do not arrive in time the server will
duplicate previous user commands. The client should avoid this. The number of duplicated user
commands is not used directly but can be displayed during development. The server also tells the
client how far ahead of time the user commands from the client arrive. This time should ideally
be close to zero, but always positive, and the client can adjust the prediction time accordingly.
The most important data in a snapshot is a set of delta compressed states of entities that are in the
PVS of the client. Unlike Quake III Arena there is no fixed entity state where structure fields
may need to be reused for different purposes on different entities. The network system presented
here uses a bit message to store an entity state. Entities can write any variables that need to be
synchronized to this state. It is even possible to change the structure of the state during game
play but this does decrease the performance of the delta compression.
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Entities that did not change are not stored in the snapshot. However, the client still needs to
know which entities are considered in the PVS by the server. For this reason a bit string is stored
which tells which entities are considered in the PVS.
Aside from the entity states there is also one delta compressed state which is not tied to the PVS
and always stored in the snapshot. This state is used to communicate general game and player
state information. Furthermore a snapshot stores the most recent user commands from other
players that are in the PVS of the client. These user commands are used by the client to improve
the prediction of other players.
3.3 User Commands
The most important traffic from the client to the server is in the form of user commands. Such
user commands contain the intentions of the player. Figure 11 shows an user command message
and figure 12 shows how a user command message goes through the network layers.
Fig. 11. User Command Message. Fig. 12. Client to server user command pipeline.
With a user command message the client sends a time which represents how far the client
predicts ahead relative to the server. This time is not directly used by the server but can be
displayed at the server during development. A user command message may contain multiple user
commands. The message stores the game frame number of the first user command and the
number of user commands. The first user command is for the given frame number, the next for
the following frame etc. The message then stores the actual user commands. These user
commands are delta compressed in sequence. The second user command is delta compressed
relative to the first, the third relative to the second etc.
16<\/li> - Compression
Snapshots only contain states of entities in the PVS of a client and snapshots are sent at a
frequency between 10 an 20 Hz. The snapshots still consume a lot of bandwidth without any
form of compression. Several forms of compression are required to significantly reduce the
amount of traffic.
4.1 Bit Packing
Bit packing is a form of compression where superfluous bits are removed from variables before
sending them over the network [3]. For instance, the health of a player may be stored in memory
as a 32-bit integer for computational efficiency. However, the health usually ranges from 0 to
100 and only 7 bits are required to store a health value. There is no need to send the remaining
25 bits over the network. By sending a health value over the network with just 7 bits no
information is lost while the amount traffic is reduced with more than 75%.
Variables can also be quantized to reduce the amount of traffic that is generated. For instance,
floating point values can be transmitted in a format which uses less bits by specifying the number
of bits used for the mantissa and exponent. In this case information is lost because the floating
point values are communicated in a format with less precision. However, for many variables the
reduced precision is not a problem. The positions of objects are sent over the network in full
precision because otherwise collisions may be missed during prediction. However, the velocities
of objects can usually be transmitted as 16-bit floats.
Angles in degrees are good candidates for quantization. The value of a floating point angle
ranges from 0 to 360 and the value is best represented with the same precision across the whole
range. As such an angle can be scaled to the range 0 to 65535 and reduced to a 16 bit integer.
When the value is unpacked it is scaled back to a floating point number in the range 0 to 360.
Sometimes it is also convenient to send an approximate direction over the network. For instance,
the initial direction for a particle effect does need to be communicated with full precision. A
normalized direction vector can usually be approximated with very few bits. For instance, just 3
bits for each coordinate axis.
4.2 Delta Compression
In a game like DOOM III there are many entities with many state variables in any given scene.
Bit packing alone is not enough to bring down the size of snapshots. All state variables can
change but typically only a subset of the variables changes over time. As such it makes sense to
only write state variable changes to snapshots. For this reason the network system presented here
uses delta compression. Bit packing is used before delta compression because only the changes
to the quantized variables need to be transmitted.
Two kinds of delta compression are supported. First of all variables can be delta compressed
relative to an initial or common value. If a variable has a specific value for most of its life time
the server and client can assume this value until it changes. Variables can also be delta
17
compressed relative to a previous value which is known to be replicated at the receiver. If the
sender knows the current value of a variable is already replicated at the receiver, the value does
not have to be transmitted again. The delta compression uses one bit to tell whether or not a
variable changed. If the value of a variable changed a single bit, set to 1, is written followed by
the bit packed variable value. If the value of a variable did not change only a single bit, set to 0,
is written.
In Quake III Arena entities can only be delta compressed relative to a previous snapshot. The
delta compression presented here works relative to a common base with entity states maintained
by both the server and the client. This common base contains states for all entities in the game.
Entities are delta compressed relative to this common state which allows proper delta
compression even when entities continuously leave and enter the PVS. After creating and
sending a snapshot the server buffers the snapshot. The client also keeps track of the recently
received snapshots. With each user command message the clients sends an acknowledgement for
the last received snapshot. User commands are sent at a higher frequency than snapshots so even
with packet loss most snapshots are acknowledged. When the server receives an
acknowledgement for a snapshot it applies the snapshot to its common state for that client. The
server then also sends a reliable message to the client telling the client to apply the same
snapshot to it’s common state. Reliable messages are guaranteed to arrive before any new
unreliable data, so the acknowledged snapshot will be applied at the client before any new
snapshots are processed. This way both the server and client maintain a synchronized common
base with entity states that can be used for delta compression.
Entities that have not change from the common state are not written to a snapshot at all to save
even more bandwidth. However, a client still needs to know which entities are considered in the
PVS by the server because the client should only render those entities on screen. Entities are
typically numbered and the server could write the numbers of all entities that are in the PVS to
the snapshot. In a game like DOOM III there can be many entities in the PVS in any given scene
and sending all those numbers would significantly increase the size of snapshots. Instead of
sending the numbers of the entities, a bit string can be written to a snapshot. This bit string has a
bit for each entity where bit offset denotes the entity number. A bit is set to 1 if the entity is in
the PVS of the client and a bit is set to 0 if it is not. With a maximum of 4096 entities in the
game this requires 512 bytes. However, as a player moves through the environment typically
only a few entities enter and\/or leave the PVS. As such this bit string can be delta compressed in
fixed chunks of for instance 32 bits. A 32 bit chunk is then only sent over the network if one of
the entities from that chunk entered or left the PVS. If no entities entered or left the PVS this
results in just 16 bytes being written to the snapshot.
4.3 Message Compression
The message channel compresses all reliable and unreliable messages. The delta compressed bit
packed data is not a stream of fixed length words. The delta compression introduces single bits
and the bit packed variables can use an arbitrary number of bits. As a result regular entropy
encoding is difficult because entropy encoders typically assume a word length of a fixed number
of bits.
18
The delta compression writes out a single zero bit for any variable that did not change. Because
only few variables change over time the delta compression introduces a lot of sequences of zero
bits. For this reason 3-bit word length zero based run-length compression is used. The
compressor reads 3 bits at a time and if the bits are not all zero the same bits are written out
without changes. If the 3 bits are all zero the compressor keeps reading words of 3 bits at a time
until they are no longer all zero. The compressor then writes out 3 zero bits followed by 3 bits
that represent the number of times 3 zero bits were read in succession. Using a 3-bit word length
results in a maximum compression ratio of 4:1. A different number of bits than 3 could be used
for the word length but for the DOOM III entities using 3 bits results in the best compression
ratios in practice.
The compression ratios for snapshots can generally be improved by writing entity class variables
to a snapshot in order of the frequency at which they change. This way the variables that change
infrequently are grouped together which results in long sequences of zero bits.<\/li> - Implementation
Each entity class implements a WriteToSnapshot and ReadFromSnapshot member function.
These member functions write and read entity class variables that need to be synchronized from
the server to the client.
Write and read methods are used because this allows specific conversions to be implemented on
a per entity basis. For instance, a rotation matrix can first be converted to a quaternion before
writing the orientation to the snapshot. When the snapshot is read by the client the quaternion
can be converted back to a rotation matrix. Certain state variables may also be derived from
other state variables. Such derived state variables do not need to be synchronized and can be
derived in the ReadFromSnapshot method.
Instead of read and write methods, tables could be used with entity class variables that need to be
synchronized. Conversions and derived variables would need to be specified in these tables. A
table would then be used by generalized routines to write and read the state variables. This would
force these routines to know about conversions or derived variables that may be very specific to
just one type of entity. Such a coupling is typically undesirable. The system presented here uses
write and read methods for maximum localized flexibility.
class idMyEntity : public idEntity {
public:
virtual void WriteToSnapshot( idBitMsgDelta &msg ) const;
virtual void ReadFromSnapshot( idBitMsgDelta &msg );
virtual bool ClientReceiveEvent( int event, int time, const idBitMsg &msg );
enum {
EVENT_FIRST = idEntity::EVENT_MAXEVENTS,
EVENT_SECOND
};
private:
int health;
}
19
void idMyEntity::WriteToSnapshot( idBitMsgDelta &msg ) const {
msg.WriteBits( health, 7 );
}
void idMyEntity::ReadFromSnapshot( idBitMsgDelta &msg ) {
msg.ReadBits( health, 7 );
}
The idBitMsgDelta class is initialized with an entity state from the common base. The class
writes or reads a bit packed and delta compressed message. The class also writes out a new entity
state which can be applied to the common state once a snapshot is acknowledged by both the
client and the server.
The server can also send reliable events to update entities or to initiate specific effects. The
server can send an event to clients for a specific entity by calling a ServerSendEvent method on
the entity. These entity events are not affected by the PVS of a client and will always be sent
over the network.
void idEntity::ServerSendEvent( int event, const idBitMsg *msg, bool saveEvent ) const;
The ‘event’ parameter specifies the type of event. Each entity can handle an arbitrary number of
different events. The event parameters are written to an idBitMsg which allows the parameters to
be bit packed to save bandwidth.
If the ‘saveEvent’ option is set then the event is saved for clients that connect late. Saved events
are buffered and also sent to any client that connects late so all clients always receive the events
no matter what time they join the game. Such saved events can be used for entities that exist
throughout the whole game and do not change continuously but go through a well defined
sequence of transitions. Whenever a transition takes place an event is sent to the client to execute
the particular transition.
To handle such events each entity class has a method which is called whenever an event arrives
at the client for an object of that entity class.
bool idMyEntity::ClientReceiveEvent( int event, int time, const idBitMsg &msg ) {
switch( event ) {
case EVENT_FIRST: {
\/\/ read parameters from ‘msg’ and handle event
return true;
}
case EVENT_SECOND: {
\/\/ read parameters from ‘msg’ and handle event
return true;
}
default: {
return idEntity::ClientReceiveEvent( event, time, msg );
}
}
return false;
}
Even though the events are reliable the entity can still choose to ignore the event if it is from too
far back in the past. In DOOM III there is no functionality implemented to send unreliable
20
events. However, implementing such events can easily be done in the game code by writing the
events just once to snapshots. Such unreliable events can also be bound to the PVS of the client
if desired.
In Quake III Arena implementing and tweaking an entity that works over the network sometimes
requires changing almost a dozen source code files. With the network architecture presented here
there is no separation in modules. As such the implementation of everything necessary to
simulate and visualize an entity is localized and typically involves no more than two source code
files.<\/li> - Results and Discussion
In DOOM III the bit packing typically reduces the amount of traffic with 10 up to 15%. The
reason for this relatively small reduction is that a lot of positions and orientations of entities are
synchronized as full 32-bit floating point variables without any reduction.
In theory the maximum compression ratio of plain delta compression is 32:1 because the
maximum size of variables used in DOOM III is 32 bits and the delta compression writes out a
single zero bit for each variable that did not change since a previous update. In practice the delta
compression does much better and reduces the traffic with 90 up to 100%. The reason for this
large reduction is that entities in the environment that do not change at all are omitted completely
from the network stream and no zero bits are transmitted. If entities that do not change at all
would still be synchronized the delta compression would turn updates for such entities into
sequences of only zero bits and the reduction in network traffic would only be 80 to 90%.
The 3-bit word length zero-based run-length compression has a theoretical maximum
compression ratio of 4:1. In practice the run-length compression reduces the network traffic with
15% up to 50%.
Unlike with Quake III Arena, developers are not forced to make all entities network capable. The
presented network architecture allows a single player experience to be developed independently,
without having to worry about networking. This is generally a big advantage. However, entities
developed for a single player experience may not be suitable or optimized for networking. This
may result in a fair amount of work when a developer tries to build a multiplayer experience
upon a single player game.
The bit packing is used to reduce the amount of entity state information being written to
snapshots. The number of bits used to synchronize integer variables can be decreased and even
the number of bits used for the mantissa and exponent of floating point values can be specified.
However, reducing the entity states on a bit level is not trivial and requires thorough knowledge
of the information being synchronized. For instance, reducing the number of bits used to
synchronize physics positions is usually a bad idea because predicted collisions may be missed if
positions are not synchronized with enough precision.
The DOOM III engine as a whole is more flexible than the Quake III Arena engine. There are
more different entities that can operate and change in different ways. To cope with this increased
21
flexibility the DOOM III network system is also more flexible than the Quake III Arena
networking. The additional flexibility comes with more choices to be made and as such it can
take some time to get familiar with all the different options. Synchronizing class variables on a
per entity basis also requires more programming than writing code to synchronize a single fixed
entity state. However, the additional flexibility is required because entities are versatile and may
have many different state variables that do not all fit well in a fixed state structure.
While no new snapshot has arrived, the prediction at the client is cheaper than advancing the
game at the server because only entities in the PVS of the client are predicted. However,
whenever a new snapshot arrives the states of entities in the PVS of a client are overwritten with
the states from the snapshot. The client then has to re-predict up to the current client time
because the snapshot contains entity states from the past. The snapshots are from at least a full
ping time in the past, and the client may need to re-predict quite a few game frames in one go.
Even though only entities in the PVS of the client are predicted, this prediction can be expensive
at times. Furthermore, the prediction becomes more expensive as the latency increases.
Generally the PVS is limited enough such that the prediction does not cause any slowdowns.
However, the multi-frame prediction happens whenever a new snapshot arrives, and snapshots
typically arrive at a lower frequency than the client renders images on screen. As a result more
processing power is required every few rendered frames which may degrade the display of
smooth motion through the virtual environment.<\/li> - Conclusion
Any network architecture implements a trade between: consistency, responsiveness, bandwidth
and latency requirements. Finding the right balance depends on the type of game and the network
environment.
The network architecture presented here overcomes several of the problems of the network
architecture used in Quake III Arena. There is no server and client game separation which makes
development easier, and a single player game can be implemented without having to worry about
networking. There is no time difference between the player movement through the environment
and what the player sees on screen. Entities are not synchronized through a fixed entity state
structure but instead arbitrary entity state variables can be synchronized over the network. The
network system is also generally more efficient than the Quake III network system.
Even though the efficiency of the network architecture improved, multiplayer games in DOOM
III usually generate more traffic than in Quake III Arena. In DOOM III there are simply many
more entities with many state variables in any given scene and synchronizing all those variables
requires more bandwidth. For instance, while in Quake III Arena the lighting was baked into the
levels, the lighting in DOOM III is fully dynamic and every single light in the environment can
be changed at run-time and may therefore have to be synchronized over the network.
22<\/li> - Future Work
Snapshots are delta compressed relative to a common base with entity states maintained by both
the server and the client. When a map is first loaded the common base is empty. As a result the
full state of any entity that enters the PVS of a client for the first time is sent over the network.
However, a lot of entities are loaded from a map file and they either do not change at all, or only
part of their state changes during game play. The common base with entity states could be
initialized with the states of entities from right after a map is loaded. These states are always the
same and as such the common base at the client and server stay synchronized when initialized
with these states.
In DOOM III reliable messages can be used to transmit events and small, but significant updates
of entities. However, some small updates could also be sent over the network with unreliable
messages instead. Such unreliable messages could be used for events and updates that are only
noticeable over a short period of time and do not disrupt game play if they never arrive at a
client. For instance, bullet impact effects on walls could be communicated with unreliable
messages. These effects disappear quickly and if some of these effects never arrive at a client it
does not disrupt game play. Support for unreliable messages is easy to implement. These
messages can be buffered in the game code at the server. All such buffered unreliable messages
are then written to the first next snapshot and the buffer is cleared. If the snapshot message is
dropped, the unreliable messages will never arrive at the client. However, packet loss is minimal
on today’s networks and the Internet, so most snapshot and unreliable messages will arrive.
All entities in the game are by default synchronized over the network when they enter the PVS of
a client. For certain special effects it may be convenient to support entities that only live at the
client. The server does not know about such client side entities and these entities are never
synchronized over the network. The client can use these entities to display additional changes
and events in the environment. Such client side entities can be derived from other entities that are
synchronized over the network. These entities can also be created from additional reliable or
unreliable messages sent from the server.
Not only the delta compressed states of entities that are in the client PVS are written to
snapshots. There is also one delta compressed state synchronized over the network which is not
tied to visibility. This state is used to communicate general game information and player state
information over the network. Instead of using a single state for this purpose, it may be
convenient to use multiple states for different purposes that are not tied to visibility. Using
multiple such states allows individual states to be omitted if they are not relevant at certain points
in time or if they are completely delta compressed away.
The client side prediction is implemented in the game code. As such developers can easily
disable prediction on certain entities or specific aspects of some entities. For instance, the
prediction of the position of opponents could be disabled and instead interpolation could be used.
This allows a “lag compensation” approach [11] to be implemented without requiring changes to
the network architecture. It is also possible to stop updating certain entities over the network at
some point where the client side prediction completely takes over the rest of the simulation. For
instance, the server could stop updating an enemy that dies and turns into a ragdoll. These
23
ragdolls are mostly used to present a realistic death animation and as such have no consequences
for the actual game play. No longer updating such entities can save a significant amount of
bandwidth.
Instead of a single snapshot stream the server can also send multiple snapshots to clients at
different frequencies. This allows different entities to be updated at different frequencies. For
instance, entities that are in the PVS but are very far away could be updated less frequently
because state changes of such entities are less noticeable to a player. Sending updates less
frequently obviously saves bandwidth. Certain entities can also be written to every other or every
third etc. snapshot to save bandwidth.
When a new snapshot arrives the states of entities at a client are overwritten with the states from
the snapshot and the client has to quickly re-predict up to the current time at the client. In
DOOM III this re-prediction is cheap enough to not cause any problems. However, if this reprediction turns out to be expensive at times the entity states can be advanced by taking larger
steps through time. Instead of advancing the states one frame at a time at 60Hz, multiple frames
could be merged to step through time more quickly. Obviously this will affect the accuracy of
the prediction. However, taking larger steps through time can be done on a per entity basis and,
for instance, only for entities where any prediction errors are not noticeable.
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John Wiley & Sons, April 2006
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27<\/li> - Security Design in Online Games
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Matthew M. Trentacoste
Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia, 2002
Available Online: http:\/\/www.cs.ubc.ca\/~mmt\/538-final-paper.pdf<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"To immerse a player into a highly interactive game environment with fast-pacedaction, a computer game must deliver a consistent and responsive experience.However, this may be difficult to realize when a computer game is played over anetwork connection because network environments introduce various constraintssuch as an always limited amount of bandwidth that can be used to…<\/p>\n
Read More “The DOOM III Network Architecture”<\/span> »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-317","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gamedev"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/317","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=317"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":318,"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/317\/revisions\/318"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=317"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/merserver.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}